Movement:

The movement is the "motor" and the pivot point of the whole watch, its size and functions determine watch size and design (e.g. additional crowns or pushers), dial layout (e.g. arrangement of hands, day/date indication, time zone indications, sub dials etc.) On many watches on can conclude the movement behind from the dial layout alone. Main requirements are accuracy and shock resistance.

Quartz movement is an electronic movement, normally with a battery as energy source. It is extremely accurate with deviations of merely a few seconds per month. A quartz movement is obviously inside the watch if it has a "jumping" second hand.
Mechanical movements have a sweeping second hand. The mainspring serves as power resource. Despite of highest fine mechanical precision, it it the nature of mechanical watches that the interaction of mechanical parts does always lead to some inaccuracy, in figures usually a few seconds per day at least. The power reserve of a fully wound mechanical watch is around 2 days.

Automatic: The movement of the wrist moves a rotor which winds the mainspring "automatically"

Manual wind: No rotor, i.e. it has regularly to be wound manually through the crown.

Hybrid: Combination of Automatic and Quartz - a mechanical rotor energizes a generator-condensator-system providing energy to a quartz movement. Power reserves of up to 100 days are possible. Brand names are Seiko Kinetic or ETA Auto Quartz.

Jewels are the bearings for rotating mechanical parts in a movement. Quartz watches with only a few rotating mechanical parts have maybe 5 jewels, mechanical watches have about 17-50 depending on the complication. The number of jewels doesn't say anything about the quality of a movement.

continue reading: Dials and Hands & Cristals